Rangkaian Pengatur Temperatur Kipas angin

Rangkaian Pengatur Temperatur Kipas angin Parts:

P1_____________22K Linear Potentiometer (See Notes)

R1_____________15K @ 20°C n.t.c. Thermistor (See Notes)
R2____________100K 1/4W Resistor
R3,R6__________10K 1/4W Resistors
R4,R5__________22K 1/4W Resistors
R7____________100R 1/4W Resistor
R8____________470R 1/4W Resistor
R9_____________33K 4W Resistor

C1_____________10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor

D1________BZX79C18 18V 500mW Zener Diode
D2_________TIC106D 400V 5A SCR
D3-D6_______1N4007 1000V 1A Diodes

Q1,Q2________BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
Q3___________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor

SK1__________Female Mains socket

PL1__________Male Mains plug & cable

R3-R4 and P1-R1 are active as a Wheatstone arch in which R3-R4 accomplish a anchored two-thirds-supply "reference" voltage, P1-R1 accomplish a temperature-sensitive "variable" voltage, and Q1 is acclimated as a arch antithesis detector.

P1 is adapted so that the "reference" and "variable" voltages are according at a temperature aloof beneath the appropriate activate value, and beneath this action Q1 Base and Emitter are at according voltages and Q1 is cut off. When the R1 temperature goes aloft this "balance" amount the P1-R1 voltage avalanche beneath the "reference" value, so Q1 becomes advanced biased, pulse-charging C1.

This occurs because the accomplished ambit is supplied by a 100Hz half-wave voltage acquired from mains accumulation by agency of D3-D6 diode arch after a cutting capacitor and anchored to 18V by R9 and Zener diode D1. Therefore the 18V accumulation of the ambit is not accurate DC but has a rather trapezoidal shape. C1 provides a capricious phase-delay pulse-train accompanying to temperature and ancillary with the mains accumulation "zero voltage" point of anniversary bisected cycle, appropriately bearing basal switching RFI from the SCR. Q2 and Q3 anatomy a activate device, breeding a abbreviate beating acceptable to drive the SCR.

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RANGKAIAN REMOT KONTROL VHF MODUL

A few designs for remote control switches, using VG40T and VG40R remote control pair, are shown here.
The miniature transmitter module shown in Fig. 1, which just measures 34 mm x 29 mm x 10 mm, can be used to operate all remote control receiver-cum-switch combinations described in this project. A compact 9-volt PP3 battery can be used with the transmitter. It can transmit signals up to 15 metres without any aerial. The operating frequency of the transmitter is 300 MHz. The following circuits, using VG40R remote control receiver module measuring 45 mm x 21 mm x 13 mm, can be used to:
(a) activate a relay momentarily,
(b) activate a relay for a preset period,
(c) switch on and switch off a load.
To activate a relay momentarily (see Fig. 2), the switch on the transmitter unit is pressed, and so a positive voltage is obtained at output pin of VG40R module. This voltage is given to bias the relay driver transistor. The relay gets activated by just pressing push-to-on micro switch on the transmitter unit. The relay remains energised as long as the switch remains pressed. When the switch is released, the relay gets deactivated. Any electrical/electronic load can be connected via N/O contacts of the relay.
To activate a relay for a preset period (refer Fig. 3), the switch on the transmitter unit is pressed momentarily. The transistor gets base bias from VG40R module. As a result the transistor conducts and applies a trigger pulse to IC 555, which is wired as a monostable multivibrator. The relay remains activated till the preset time is over. Time delay can be varied from a few seconds to a few minutes by adjusting timing components.
To switch on and switch off a load (refer Fig. 4), a 555 IC and a decade counter 4017 IC are used. Here the 4017 IC is wired as a flip-flop for toggle action. This is achieved by connecting Q2 output to reset terminal while Q1 output is unused. Q0 output is used for energising the relay. The relay is activated and deactivated by pressing the transmitter switch alternately. So, to activate the load, just press the transmitter switch once, momentarily. The relay will remain activated. To switch off the relay, press the transmitter switch again. This process can be repeated. Time delay of monostable multivibrator is set for about one second.
Note: Short length of shielded wire should be used between VG40R receiver module output and the rest of the circuit. The transmitter with 9V battery must be housed inside a nonmetallic (say, plastic) cabinet for maximum range of operation.

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RANGKAIAN REMOT KONTROL TELEPON

Here is a teleremote circuit which enables switching ‘on’ and ‘off’ of appliances through telephone lines. It can be used to switch appliances from any distance, overcoming the limited range of infrared and radio remote controls.

The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits 1 through 9 of the telephone key-pad). The DTMF signals on telephone instrument are used as control signals. The digit ‘0’ in DTMF mode is used to toggle between the appliance mode and normal telephone operation mode. Thus the telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation.

The circuit uses IC KT3170 (DTMF-to-BCD converter), 74154 (4-to-16-line demult-iplexer), and five CD4013 (D flip-flop) ICs. The working of the circuit is as follows.

Once a call is established (after hearing ring-back tone), dial ‘0’ in DTMF mode. IC1 decodes this as ‘1010,’ which is further demultiplexed by IC2 as output O10 (at pin 11) of IC2 (74154). The active low output of IC2, after inversion by an inverter gate of IC3 (CD4049), becomes logic 1. This is used to toggle flip-flop-1 (F/F-1) and relay RL1 is energised. Relay RL1 has two changeover contacts, RL1(a) and RL1(b). The energised RL1(a) contacts provide a 220-ohm loop across the telephone line while RL1(b) contacts inject a 10kHz tone on the line, which indicates to the caller that appliance mode has been selected. The 220-ohm loop on telephone line disconnects the ringer from the telephone line in the exchange. The line is now connected for appliance mode of operation.

If digit ‘0’ is not dialed (in DTMF) after establishing the call, the ring continues and the telephone can be used for normal conversation. After selection of the appliance mode of operation, if digit ‘1’ is dialed, it is decoded by IC1 and its output is ‘0001’. This BCD code is then demultiplexed by 4-to-16-line demultiplexer IC2 whose corresponding output, after inversion by a CD4049 inverter gate, goes to logic 1 state. This pulse toggles the corresponding flip-flop to alternate state. The flip-flop output is used to drive a relay (RL2) which can switch on or switch off the appliance connected through its contacts. By dialing other digits in a similar way, other appliances can also be switched ‘on’ or ‘off.’

Once the switching operation is over, the 220-ohm loop resistance and 10kHz tone needs to be removed from the telephone line. To achieve this, digit ‘0’ (in DTMF mode) is dialed again to toggle flip-flop-1 to de-energise relay RL1, which terminates the loop on line and the 10kHz tone is also disconnected. The telephone line is thus again set free to receive normal calls.This circuit is to be connected in parallel to the telephone instrument

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Rangkaian Remote Control Telephone

Rangkaian Remote Control Telephone

The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits 1 through 9 of the telephone key-pad). The DTMF signals on telephone instrument are used as control signals. The digit ‘0’ in DTMF mode is used to toggle between the appliance mode and normal telephone operation mode. Thus the telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation.
The circuit uses IC KT3170 (DTMF-to-BCD converter), 74154 (4-to-16-line demult-iplexer), and five CD4013 (D flip-flop) ICs. The working of the circuit is as follows.
Once a call is established (after hearing ring-back tone), dial ‘0’ in DTMF mode. IC1 decodes this as ‘1010,’ which is further demultiplexed by IC2 as output O10 (at pin 11) of IC2 (74154). The active low output of IC2, after inversion by an inverter gate of IC3 (CD4049), becomes logic 1. This is used to toggle flip-flop-1 (F/F-1) and relay RL1 is energised. Relay RL1 has two changeover contacts, RL1(a) and RL1(b). The energised RL1(a) contacts provide a 220-ohm loop across the telephone line while RL1(b) contacts inject a 10kHz tone on the line, which indicates to the caller that appliance mode has been selected. The 220-ohm loop on telephone line disconnects the ringer from the telephone line in the exchange. The line is now connected for appliance mode of operation.
If digit ‘0’ is not dialed (in DTMF) after establishing the call, the ring continues and the telephone can be used for normal conversation. After selection of the appliance mode of operation, if digit ‘1’ is dialed, it is decoded by IC1 and its output is ‘0001’. This BCD code is then demultiplexed by 4-to-16-line demultiplexer IC2 whose corresponding output, after inversion by a CD4049 inverter gate, goes to logic 1 state. This pulse toggles the corresponding flip-flop to alternate state. The flip-flop output is used to drive a relay (RL2) which can switch on or switch off the appliance connected through its contacts. By dialing other digits in a similar way, other appliances can also be switched ‘on’ or ‘off.’
Once the switching operation is over, the 220-ohm loop resistance and 10kHz tone needs to be removed from the telephone line. To achieve this, digit ‘0’ (in DTMF mode) is dialed again to toggle flip-flop-1 to de-energise relay RL1, which terminates the loop on line and the 10kHz tone is also disconnected. The telephone line is thus again set free to receive normal calls.This circuit is to be connected in parallel to the telephone instrument

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Radio Remote Control Using DTMF

DTMF Radio Remote Control

This alien ascendancy assemblage has 4 channels which can be calmly continued to 12. This ambit differs from agnate circuits in appearance of its artlessness and a absolutely altered abstraction of breeding the ascendancy signals. Usually alien ascendancy circuits accomplish use of bittersweet ablaze to address ascendancy signals. Their use is appropriately bound to a actual bedfast breadth and line-of-sight. However, this ambit makes use of radio abundance to address the ascendancy signals and appropriately it can be acclimated for ascendancy from about anywhere in the house. Actuality we accomplish use of DTMF (dual-tone multi frequency) signals (used in telephones to punch the digits) as the ascendancy codes. The DTMF tones are acclimated for abundance accentuation of the carrier. At the receiver unit, these abundance articulate signals are intercepted to access DTMF tones at the apostle terminals. This DTMF arresting is affiliated to a DTMF-to-BCD advocate whose BCD achievement is acclimated to switch-on and switch-off assorted electrical applicances (4 in this case). The alien ascendancy transmitter consists of DTMF architect and an FM transmitter circuit. For breeding the DTMF frequencies, a committed IC UM91214B (which is acclimated as a dialler IC in blast instruments) is acclimated here. This IC requires 3 volts for its operation. This is provided by a simple zener diode voltage regulator which converts 9 volts into 3 volts for use by this IC. For its time base, it requires a quartz clear of 3.58 MHz which is calmly accessible from cyberbanking basic shops. Pins 1 and 2 are acclimated as dent baddest and DTMF approach baddest pins respectively. Back the row and cavalcade pins (12 and 15) are shorted to anniversary other, DTMF tones agnate to chiffre 1 are achievement from its pin 7. Similarly, pins 13, 16 and 17 are additionally appropriate to punch digits 2, 4 and 8. Rest of the pins of this IC may be larboard as they are. The achievement of IC1 is accustomed to the ascribe of this transmitter ambit which finer abundance modulates the carrier and transmits it in the air. The carrier abundance is bent by braid L1 and trimmer capacitor VC1 (which may be adapted for about 100MHz operation). An antenna of 10 to 15 cms (4 to 6 inches) breadth will be acceptable to accommodate able range. The antenna is additionally all-important because the transmitter assemblage has to be housed in a brownish chiffonier to assure the abundance alluvion acquired due to devious EM fields. Four key switches (DPST push-to-on bounce loaded) are appropriate to address the adapted DTMF tones. The switches back apprenticed accomplish the specific accent pairs as able-bodied as accommodate ability to the transmitter ambit simultaneously. This way back the transmitter assemblage is not in use it consumes no ability at all and the array lasts abundant longer. The receiver assemblage consists of an FM receiver (these canicule simple and bargain FM kits are readily accessible in the bazaar which assignment awfully well), a DTMF-to-BCD advocate and a flip-flop toggling latch section. The abundance articulate DTMF signals are accustomed by the FM receiver and the achievement (DTMF tones) are fed to the committed IC KT3170 which is a DTMF-to-BCD converter. This IC back fed with the DTMF tones gives agnate BCD output; for example, back chiffre 1 is pressed, the achievement is 0001 and back chiffre 4 is apprenticed the achievement is 0100. This IC additionally requires a 3.58MHz clear for its operation. The accent ascribe is affiliated to its pin 2 and the BCD outputs are taken from pins 11 to 14 respectively. These outputs are fed to 4 alone ‘D’ flip-flop latches which accept been adapted into toggle flip-flops congenital about two CD4013B ICs. Whenever a chiffre is pressed, the receiver decodes it and gives a alarm beating which is acclimated to toggle the agnate flip-flop to the alternating state. The flip-flop achievement is acclimated to drive a broadcast which in about-face can latch or alleviate any electrical appliance. We can advancement the ambit to ascendancy as abounding as 12 channels back IC UM91214B can generates 12 DTMF tones. For this purpose some modification has to be done in receiver assemblage and additionally in amid IC2 and toggle flip-flop area in the receiver. A 4-to-16 curve demultiplexer (IC 74154) has to be acclimated and the cardinal of toggle flip-flops accept additionally to be added to 12 from the absolute 4.

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